Saturday, 30 January 2016

Blade (1998) Opening Scene: Textual Analysis

Generic Conventions

-Blood
-Vampires
-Slow Motion Editing
-Location associated with death (butchers)
-Weapons (meat hook)
-Blonde, clueless character 
-Sense of doom
-Vague references
-Shadowed areas with bright lights (Club)
-Key iconography (fangs)

Sound

-Diagetic atmospheric, electric, synthesized club music.
-Foreign language (vampires stereotypically have Eastern European accents. This also addresses the audiences' fear of what they cannot understand and the unknown.)
-Diagetic, vague dialogue "It's him" makes the audience question the importance of the mystery figure that has appeared on screen.
-'Chomping' sound effect when Blade enters the club.
-Screaming (convention of horror/thriller)
-Non Diagetic, atmospheric, orchestral music when Blade (Protagonist) is introduced, which indicates he is a vital character to the plotline.

The use of diagetic and non-diagetic sound helps to convey the conventions of the horror and thriller genre to the audience. The vague dialogue "Where are we going?"  and "Its him!" convey Barthes Enigma code- that the audience are compelled to carry on watching to discover the truth and solve the puzzle of where the two characters are going and the identity of the man wearing sunglasses inside of the vampire cave. Furthermore the atmospheric, non-diagetic music when the movie's protagonist (Blade) enters helps to convey the action adventure genre. The music playing beforehand was electric, upbeat club music and juxtaposes the string/orchestral music that is heard when Blade's feet are first seen in shot. This reveals a change in atmosphere- from energetic and happy to ominous. It causes the audience to feel a sense of anticipation and build up tension, leading to the big reveal of the protagonist.

Camerawork

-Follow/tracking shot of the blonde male as he enters the dancing crowd.
-Close up shot of the blood dripping (and then spurting) out of the sprinklers.
-Zoom onto the rising hands of the crowd (towards the sprinklers.)
-Low Angle shot that pans up from floor level to Blade's torso.
- Shot reverse shot of conversation between blonde male and crimson hair female vampire.
-Long shot/tracking shot following the blonde male and female vampire through the butchers.
 
The camerawork helps to convey the genre conventions as it shows the audience important details which are necessary to the plotline. For example the pan from the torsos of the dancer inside the club to the sea of hands in the air reveals that something key in the scene is about to happen. The panning shot finishes with the hands taking up the bottom third of the shot and the sprinklers taking up the top third of the shot. This infers that the sprinklers have some significance in the scene, which further relates the Enigma Code. The audience will try and solve the enigma of the importance of the sprinklers before it is revealed on screen, therefore keeping the audience attached to watching the film. The shot then goes to a close up of the sprinklers that are dripping blood drops, which is foreshadowing events to come in the film. The enigma is solved when blood spurts from the sprinklers as the climax of the music is heard, which meets the conventions of tension (the panning shot), blood and the stages of the Enigma code.

Editing

-Fast paced editing when the two focal characters enter the club (dancing crowd shots)
- Slow motion (close up's and mid shots of people dancing.)
-Jump Cuts when the blonde male is being chased through the crowd of dancers.
-Starts in 'Media Res', goes straight to the action with no establishing shot.
 
The editing techniques are effective as they keep the audience on the edge of their seat, anticipating what will happen next. The fast paced editing joined with the strobe lighting effect makes it seem like time is going by faster. It can also be used to build up tension towards a climactic event. In the club fast paced editing is used when the blonde male and red-haired female enter the club and start dancing. In contrast slow-motion is used when other dancers are shown, which creates an energetic atmosphere. Furthermore the jump cuts that are used when the blonde male is running through the crowd (after the enigma has been solved) are conventions of the horror/thriller genre. Jump cuts are designed to create a massive build up of tension which results in either a climatic or anti-climatic event. Each time a jump cut is used the viewers will have an overwhelming sense of fear and/or relief. The vampires hunting the damsel in distress are introduced through jump cuts which builds up tension and introduces a new enigma- will the damsel escape from the Vampire lair or will the Vampires chasing him catch him? And if they do, what will they do with him?
 
 

Mise-En-Scène

-Generic colour scheme of black, white and red.
-Male is blonde and appears to be unaware of the situation he is entering.
-The woman has pale skin and crimson (or blood red) hair,  which matches the stereotype that vampires have pale skin due to lack of sunlight exposure.
-Location has obvious links to death.
-Iconography of body bags, corpses and meat hooks.
-Metal gate implies danger and are designed to keep people away and/or stop them getting out.
-Locked door to the vampire lair opens to reveal darkness, which implies travelling into the unknown.
-Strobe lighting in the club.
-Sense of anticipation as the dancers raise their hands towards the sprinklers.
-Lighting reveals the name of the club is "Blood Bath" just as the blood starts spurting out of the sprinklers.
-Blood pours out of the sprinkler system.
-Weapons (meat hooks.)
-Vampire Fangs
-Sense of fear (when the human male is chased through the crowd.)


 
 
 
 

Narrative Theory Research - Barthes' Enigma Code

Barthes' Enigma Code
 
Roland Barthes was a linguist who described 5 codes that are embedded into any narrative. These five codes all make up the Enigma Code:
 
-Proairetic code (the voice of empirics): The code of actions. Any action initiated must be completed. The cumulative actions constitute the plot events of the text.

-Hermeneutic code (the voice of truth): The code of enigmas or puzzles.

-Connotative (or Semantic code the voice of the person): The accumulation of connotations. Semes, sequential thoughts, traits and actions constitute character. “The proper noun surrounded by connotations.”

-Cultural or referential code (the voice of science [or knowledge):  Though all codes are cultural we reserve this designation for the storehouse of knowledge we use in interpreting everyday experience.

-Symbolic code (voice of the symbol): Binary oppositions or themes. The inscription into the text of the antithesis central to the organization of the cultural code.

In films the Enigma Code is presented as a narrative structure in sequence:

Thematisation- What in the narrative is enigma?
Positioning- Additional confirmations of the enigma.
Formulation of the enigma.
Promise of an answer to the/of the enigma.
Fraud- Circumvention of the true answer.
Blocking- The Enigma cannot be solved.
Suspended Answer- Stopping the answer after having begun.
Partial Answer- Some facets of the truth are revealed.
Disclosure of the Truth- Truth revealed.

 

 

Mini Brief Evaluation

Strengths of the Mini Brief
 
-Followed the camerworl/shot/editing specifications of the brief (shot reverse shot, match on action, 180° rule.)
-Within the specified time length for the brief.
-Used many conventions of the horror genre including: shadows, dark lighting, violence, weapons (knife in shot) and a sense of danger.
-Followed Barthes Enigma Code (vague dialogue, keeps the audience guessing and watching.)
-Good use of lighting to create the shadows and highlights.
 
Weaknesses of Mini Brief
 
-Fuzziness on black background in certain shots.
-Not the best quality: camera not best suited for nighttime/ dark location shoots.
-Problems with exporting to 720p or 1080p.
-Some shots were cut off quickly when filming, so we had some areas of un-finished dialogue that made the editing look haphazard.
 
Opportunities for Main Brief
 
-Knowledge of three effectice filming/ editing techniques (shot reverse shot, match on action, 180° Rule)
-Knowledge of good filming locations suitable for the horror genre.
-We mow know how long it takes to film and how long it takes to edit a short clip (even though the Main Brief must last longer than the Mini Brief.)
-We know how to use our surroundings to convey the conventions of horror (using dirty areas, knives- yes, the knife was already on location when we visited to do recces- poor lighting.)
-We know how to effectively plan in great detail, which will make planning and filming the Main Brief a lot easier. This includes taking recce's, storyboarding, script writing and organising filming times. 
 
Threats to Main Brief
 
-There could be a problem with the cameras e.g. not enough capacity left on the SD card, or the camera is not compatible with filming in dark locations.
-Adobe Premier Pro could freeze whilst exporting the file or export it in the wrong format (such as 144p or 240p or in a WAV or FLV format that doesn't play on certain computers.)
-We need to plan our filming times around the availability of the location. We were filming the mini brief whilst another group were setting up props for their Brief in the same location and some un-wanted background noise was recorded.
-As the Main Brief is larger than the Mini Brief, it will take longer to film and edit.
-The Main Brief requires titles and credits, which were not required for the Mini Brief. It may take some time to learn how to create and input titles and credits into the film effectively, whilst also conveying the generic conventions of horror.
 

Narrative Theory Research - Todorov's Theory of Equilibrium

Todorov's Narrative Theory of Equilibrium
 
Tzvetan Todorov is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, historian and literary figure who came up with a theory that stated all storylines/plotlines follow the exact same pattern even if they are linear or non linear. There were five simple steps that all story/plotlines had:
 
1) Equilibrium- The story will begin with a happy start, revealing all the characters are content and that everything occurring so far is as it should be.
 
2) Disruption (of Equilibrium)- The story will then feature a minor problem that will disrupt the storyline.
 
3) Realisation (Dis-Equilibrium or Climax)- The characters in the film realise something has gone wrong (that there has been a disruption) and chaos ensues.
 
4) Restored Order (restore Equilibrium) - The characters attempt to repair any damage and resolve the problem.
 
5) New Equilibrium- The problem is resolved and the characters are content. Normality can resume, but the Equilibrium will never be the same as at the start of the film as the characters will never forget the disruption of Equilibrium.
 

Friday, 29 January 2016

Main Brief Research: Narrative Structure

Narrative Structure
 
Narrative structure contains traditional elements of a storyline in a specific order. These elements traditionally include an exposition or beginning, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution or denouement. Depending on the genre of the film, the narrative structure can take different forms. The two main forms of narrative structure are:
 
Linear Structure-Where the events of a film happen in chronological order, starting at the beginning of the story, moving to the middle and finishing at the end. This is the most common form of narrative structure in film.
 
Non-Linear Structure-Where the film often starts in the middle of the story line-usually in the height of the climax- and goes back to the beginning in a series of flashbacks. This is common in thriller films as it keeps the viewers on their toes. An example of a film with a non-linear structure is "Trance" by Danny Boyle
 

Another part of the narrative structure of a film is the conventions of the genre of the film. For example the generic conventions of a horror film include:
 
-Shadows/ Dark Lightning
-Blood
-Weapons
-Forests
-Abandoned period Houses
-Paranormal/Supernatural
-Iconography such as Bibles and Crucifixes
-Isolation
-Atmospheric Music (string instruments such as violins or cellos, or jewellery box music.)
 

The use of these conventions can help to imply the suggested genre of a film. This is called audience expectation. For example the first image on the trailer for The Woman in Black (2010) is of a child's bedroom with cobwebs and aged furniture in an old Victorian style house. Immediately the audience will get the impression that this is a horror film, especially as the picture come sup on screen at the same time the music starts, which is a song from a jewellery box (single tubular bell note, high in pitch) which is another generic convention of horror.
 

 
A repertoire of elements also helps to distinguish the genre of a film as it uses common conventions of the genre within the plotline. These are usually divided into location, iconography, characters, themes  and narratives. In horror films the repertoire of elements are:
 
Location
 
- Haunted house
-Abandoned/ derelict building
-Somewhere with little lighting (no specific size- it could be a shed, cupboard or cellar etc.)
-Castle/ Ancient Building
-Suburban Town
 
Iconography
 
-Skulls
-Kitchen Knives
-Blood
-Axes
-Bodies/Corpses
-Sudden loud screams
-Creaky floorboards/ creaky doors
-Out-of-the-blue knocking at the door
-Cold callers
-Crucifixes
-Bibles
-Gory, explicit injuries
 
Characters
 
-Demons
-Ghosts/The Paranormal
-Innocent Bystander
-House pet (usually dog or cat)
-Blonde Girls
-Young Children
-Vulnerable person
-Zombies/Vampires/Monsters
 
Narratives and Themes
 
-Spirit present in haunted house
-Psychopath on the loose
-Zombies/Monsters on the loose
-Revenge Killing
-Series of unfortunate events and coincidences
-Haunting of a single person
-Demonic possesion

 
 

Genre Research: Hybrid Genres

Hybrid Genre
 
Hybrid genre in film refers to a combination of two or more genres in one media product. Hybrid genre films create more opportunities for script writing and plotlines as it combines multiple elements and conventions of many genres. Some of the most common hybrid genres are:
 
RomCom-Romance, Comedy- "Bridget Jones' Diary", "Love Actually"
Action/Adventure-Action, Adventure- "Indianna Jones","Skyfall"
Horror/Thriller- "Final Destination", "The Cabin in the Woods"
Sci-Fi/Fantasy- Science Fiction, Fantasy- "Star Trek", "Avatar", "Star Wars"
War/Historical/Drama- "Saving Private Ryan", "War Horse."

There some new genre hybrids emerging in recent films such as:
 
Black Comedy/Drama-"August Osage County"
Comedy/Western/Action-"A Million Ways to Die in The West"
Disaster/Drama/Action-"2012", "San Andreas"
Family/Action/Comedy-"Kung-Fu Panda"
Comedy/Horror/Sci-Fi/Thriller- "Attack the Block"






 

Thursday, 28 January 2016

Genre Research: Sub-Genres

Sub-Genres
 
A sub-genre is a subdivision of a genre in film, literature, music, art etc. Sub-genres help to focus in on the topic the film is discussing. Examples of sub genres include:
 
Comedy-Black Comedy, Parody, British Humour, Satire, coming-of-age
Horror/Thriller-Psychological, 'B-Movie', Supernatural, Gothic
Historical/Drama-Epic, Biopic, Medieval, Biblical, Melodrama, Ancient History, Documentary, Period, Costume
Action/Adventure- Crime, Blockbusters, Gangster, Martial Arts, Comic-Book Action, Spy
 
It is possible to have genre hybridity with sub-genres as many of these sub- genres compliment each other quite well. Examples of these include:
 
Crime/ Gangster Drama- "The Godfather", "Legend"
Ancient History/War/Action- "Clash of the Titans", "Gods of War."
Ancient History/Coming-of-Age/Mythical/Action/Supernatural-"Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief"," Percy Jackson and the Sea of Monsters.:
Psychological Thriller/ Romance/ Crime- "Trance", "Side Effects"
Political Drama/ Comic-book action/ Romance/Period- "Captain America: The First Avenger", "Captain America: Civil War"
Period/Military/Romance/Political Drama-"Suite Française"
Period/Military/Spy/Espionage/Political/Biopic- "The Man from U.N.C.L.E"," Bridge of Spies"
 

Mini Brief: Post Production Editing

 Our brief specified the use of match on action and shot reverse shot which are editing techniques. We had filmed the correct shots that would enable us to use these techniques (which was planned in our story board) and it was now the matter of choosing which takes were the most suitable to be used for the finished clip.
 
The software we used for editing is Adobe Premiere Pro CS6. We chose to use Adobe as it is rather user friendly- it was easy to import clips and identify the basic editing tools (crop/trim/adjust brightness for video and mute/adjust volume for audio.) Another bonus of using Adobe is its wide range of special effects and professional appeal. For example- in our brief- we were able to separate the audio from a video clip and increase the volume so the dialogue would be heard over our non diagetic sound.
 
Our chosen non diagetic sound is a royalty free track from incompetech.com called Steel and Seething
 

 
 
 Once we had selected our clips we started to edit them together, keeping our brief specifications in mind. We used match on action twice- when the interrogator walked into the cupboard and when the interrogator hit the hostage- and we used shot reverse shot to depict the conversation between the interrogator and the hostage.
 
 

We decided to not use any filters on the clips as a lot of the preset filters on Adobe Premiere had a bad 'reaction' with our lighting in the clips. The shadows appeared as blocks of black instead of having faded edges (making them more subtle.) The shadows and the illuminated faces of the characters looked more natural with the original lighting (albeit improvised phone torch lighting!)

Wednesday, 27 January 2016

Main Brief Recce's




 
(These are shots of the ideal time for filming due to the atmosphere and mood implied by the colour of the sky.)
 

Friday, 22 January 2016

Mini Brief: Filming Day

Once we had finalised our production preparation, it was time for us to film. We booked out a Canon 600D camera with an 1855mm (Kit) lens to use for filming, as this type of camera allows us to adapt the ISO and aperture which would create a dark image with lots of shadows (which are conventions of the thriller genre.)






When we reached our filming location we first started to clear up any rubbish that would intrude in our shots. This included moving chairs, tables and relocating barrels (inside the cupboard.) In the process we discovered that the lights from the adjoining room did not sufficiently illuminate the cupboard we were filming in .  We knew that there were no lights in the cupboard but the camera could not detect shapes due to the lack of light, so the filming quality was blurry. To adapt to this problem, we used torches from our phones to illuminate the corners of the cupboard. This meant we could manoeuvre and manipulate the lighting to show important things (such as the face of the hostage) but to also create shadows that would convey a tense atmosphere.






Once filming it took us a few shots to realise that the camera was out of focus. The cameraman (Abigail) figured out how to use autofocus shortly after saying 'action' and the filming quality improved dramatically. The filming process went well, despite having some problems with the size of our filming location. The main issue was lighting (As mentioned  above) and space. Whilst following the 180° rule we came to the realisation that it was hard to film a low angle shot of the interrogator (portrayed by Bethan) in a cupboard around 2 metres wide with a filing cabinet, barrel and hostage (portrayed by Beth) in the way. We were able to overcome these difficulties by slightly moving the barrel so the cameraman had enough space to crouch down when filming.

Here are some screenshots from the clips we filmed (and before we started the editing process!)




 
 
 

Thursday, 14 January 2016

Mini Brief: Pre-Production Script Writing

Before filming we needed to write a script for our sequence. We wanted to include as many conventions of the thriller genre, so our first move was to have two roles: the antagonist and the protagonist. In our sequence the antagonist would have clear power and authority over the protagonist. We wanted to create suspense by writing dialogue that alluded to something not known by the audience. For this we thought an interrogation scene would be great, as we could then work in violence (a convention in thrillers) and film in a small cramped environment with low lighting to mimic an abandoned building (another few conventions of thrillers.) We wanted to finish on a cliff-hanger as that would create tension and replicate the feeling viewers would have if they were watching a clip from a feature- length thriller film. In our script "I" stands for interrogator (Antagonist) and "H" stands for hostage (Protagonist).
 

Wednesday, 13 January 2016

Mini Brief: Pre-Production Storyboard Draft

Following our visit to the location, we drafted a storyboard of our sequence.
 

Mini Brief: Pre-Production Storyboard Planning

We returned to our shooting location to take initial still shots for our storyboard. We planned when to use match on action and shot reverse shot, as well as how we could use the 180° rule. We took shots of where our characters would be placed in the sequence and worked out what shot types we could use (close up, mid shot, POV, panning, follow shot etc.)


Monday, 11 January 2016

Mini Brief: Pre-Production Character Analysis

In today's lesson we wrote briefs for our two characters. These briefs included information about their everyday life (e.g. job) and personal information (e.g. personality, motivations, idiosyncrasies etc.)